PILNA 2021 collected information about barriers to good quality teaching in three areas. These were: (i) resourcing, consisting of infrastructure, teaching materials, and teachers; (ii) external factors that hinder instruction, such as pandemics, epidemics and natural disasters; and (iii) school closures and the initiatives used to address these.

• Resource constraints
• Impact of external factors on teaching capacity
• School closures & continuity of learning measures